Windsor Castle, one of the most iconic and historically significant royal residences in the United Kingdom, has a rich history dating back to the Middle Ages. As a strategic defensive fortress and a luxurious royal abode, Windsor Castle played a crucial role in the political and social landscape of medieval England.
Construction and Fortification
The origins of Windsor Castle can be traced back to the Norman Conquest of 1066, when William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a motte-and-bailey castle on the site. Over the centuries, the castle underwent extensive development and fortification, with each successive monarch leaving their mark on the structure.
Henry II, who reigned from 1154 to 1189, was responsible for replacing the wooden palisade of the upper ward with a stronger stone wall in 1165 and 1179. He also added massive foundations to the wall to prevent it from sinking due to the unstable earth.
Henry III, who ruled from 1216 to 1272, further strengthened the castle’s defenses by rebuilding the walls of the Lower Ward in stone, adding a gatehouse, and constructing three new towers (Curfew, Garter, and Salisbury) between 1224 and 1230. He also reinforced the Middle Ward with a southern stone wall, protected by the Edward III and Henry III towers at each end.
Architectural Features and Residences
Windsor Castle is characterized by its impressive architectural features, including the iconic Round Tower, which was built by Henry II. This massive circular tower, situated on an artificial mound, is visible for miles over the surrounding flatland.
The castle is divided into two quadrilateral-shaped building complexes, or courts, separated by the Round Tower. The court west of the Round Tower is the Lower Ward, while the court to the east is the Upper Ward. These wards housed a variety of royal residences and other important structures.
One of the most notable architectural features of Windsor Castle is St. George’s Chapel, which was designed to be the chapel of the Order of the Garter. Construction on the chapel began under Edward IV and was completed in 1528, showcasing the Perpendicular Gothic-style architecture.
Henry I was the first king to use Windsor Castle as a residence, celebrating Whitsuntide at the castle in 1110. Henry III invested heavily in the royal accommodation, building a luxurious palace in the Upper Ward between 1240 and 1263.
Significant Events and Sieges
Windsor Castle has witnessed several significant events and sieges throughout its history. In 1216, the castle was besieged by baronial and French troops under the command of the Count of Nevers, but the constable, Engelard de Cigogné, successfully defended it.
In 1399, Henry IV seized the castle during his coup, although he failed to catch Richard II, who had escaped to London. In 1417, Henry V prepared the castle for a visit from the Holy Roman Emperor, which was a massive diplomatic event.
Restoration and Current Status
In 1992, a fire broke out in Queen Victoria’s private chapel, causing £37 million worth of damage. The affected area was successfully restored by 1997, and the castle continues to be a well-preserved and maintained royal residence.
Today, Windsor Castle is the largest inhabited castle in the world and has housed the British kings and queens for almost 1000 years. It is currently owned by the Occupied Royal Palaces Estate and managed by the Royal Household, serving as a significant tourist attraction and a symbol of the United Kingdom’s rich history.