Windsor Castle, the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world, has a rich history spanning over 1,000 years. From its founding by William the Conqueror to its role in the English Civil War and the restoration efforts of King George IV, this iconic castle has witnessed numerous significant historical events.
Founding by William the Conqueror (1070)
In 1070, just four years after his invasion of England, William the Conqueror built Windsor Castle as a wooden keep on a man-made motte, protected by a small bailey wall. This initial structure was part of the Norman conquest’s efforts to establish control over the region.
Conversion to a Palace (12th century)
During the reign of King Henry II (1154-1189), the castle’s walls were replaced with stone, and it was transformed from a military fortification into a palace. Henry III later completed the south wall and the western end of the lower ward, and he also built a royal chapel on the site of the present-day Albert Memorial Chapel.
Gothic Transformation (14th century)
Under King Edward III (1327-1377), Windsor Castle underwent a significant transformation from a military fortress into a Gothic palace. Edward III spent an impressive £50,000 on this transformation, more than any other medieval English king spent on a single building.
St. George’s Chapel (15th century)
Construction of St. George’s Chapel began in 1475 under the reign of Edward IV and was completed by Henry VIII in 1528. This chapel, built in the Perpendicular style of late Gothic architecture, is one of the best examples of this architectural style.
English Civil War (17th century)
During the English Civil War (1642-1651), Windsor Castle played a crucial role. Charles I was held under arrest at the castle before his eventual execution. When the monarchy was restored, Charles II established Windsor as his principal country residence and an important symbol of the restoration of the monarchy.
Restoration by King George IV (19th century)
In the 19th century, King George IV undertook a comprehensive restoration of Windsor Castle, aiming to give the exterior a more imposing appearance. His restoration efforts were so extensive that his successors made few changes to the building.
Fire of 1992
On November 20, 1992, a devastating fire broke out in Windsor Castle, starting in Queen Victoria’s Private Chapel. The fire destroyed 115 rooms, including nine state rooms, and took 15 hours to contain. Restoration efforts began swiftly and were completed five years later.
Modern Era
Today, Windsor Castle remains a significant royal residence and a popular tourist destination. It is open to visitors throughout the year and hosts various events, including the annual Order of the Garter ceremony.
References:
– Royal Collection Trust. (n.d.). Windsor Castle. Retrieved from https://www.rct.uk/visit/windsor-castle
– Town & Country Magazine. (2022, November 8). A Brief History of Windsor Castle. Retrieved from https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a40058863/windsor-castle-history/
– Britannica. (n.d.). Windsor Castle. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Windsor-Castle
– Veranda. (2022, November 9). A Brief History of Windsor Castle, the World’s Longest Occupied Castle. Retrieved from https://www.veranda.com/decorating-ideas/a36077169/windsor-castle-history/
– Wikipedia. (n.d.). Windsor Castle. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle